KTU FOSS LAB - Dr Binu V P

Definition of the Shell Shell is an interactive environment which provides an interface to an Operating System. It gathers input from user and execute the commands. Bourne shell(sh)- 1977 The Bourne shell was introduced. The Bourne shell(sh), by Stephen Bourne at AT&T Bell Labs for V7 UNIX, remains a useful shell today (in some cases, as the default root shell). The Bourne shell was developed after working on an ALGOL68 compiler, so its grammar is more along the lines of Algorithmic Language (ALGOL) than other shells. The source code was developed in C. The Bourne shell served two primary goals: Executing UNIX/Linux commands for the operating system,i.e, command line interpreter Writing reusable scripts that could be invoked through the shell,i.e, scripting In addition to replacing the Thompson shell, the Bourne shell offered many other advantages over its predecessors such as control flows, loops, and variables into scripts, providing a more functional language to

Linux is the foundation of thousands of open source operating systems designed to replace Windows and Mac OS. It is free to download and install on any computer. Because it is open source, there are a variety of different versions, or distributions, available developed by different groups. Follow this guide for basic instructions on how to install any version of Linux, as well as specific instructions for some of the most popular ones.  Download the Linux distribution of your choice . If you're new to Linux, consider trying a lightweight and easy to use distribution, such as Ubuntu or Linux Mint. Linux distributions (known as "distros") are typically available for free to download in ISO format. You can find the ISO for the distribution of your choice at the distribution’s website. This format needs to be burned to a CD or USB stick before you can use it to install Linux. This will create a Live CD or Live USB. Try downloading Ubuntu from here  https://ubuntu

Linus Torvalds ,a student at the University of Helsinki started developing Linux to create a system similar to MINIX, a UNIX operating system. In 1991 he released version 0.02; Version 1.0 of the Linux kernel, the core of the operating system, was released in 1994. About the same time, American software developer Richard Stallman and the FSF made efforts to create an open-source UNIX-like operating system called GNU. In contrast to Torvalds, Stallman and the FSF started by creating utilities for the operating system first. These utilities were then added to the Linux kernel to create a complete system called GNU/Linux, or, less precisely, just Linux. Linus Torvalds Richard Stallman Linux grew throughout the 1990s because of the efforts of hobbyist developers. Although Linux is not as user-friendly as the popular Microsoft Windows and Mac OS operating systems, it is an efficient and reliable system that rarely crashes. Combined with Apache, an open-source Web server, Linux accounts fo

Compiling the source code files can be tiring, especially when you have to include several source files and type the compiling command every time you need to compile. Makefiles are the solution to simplify this task. Makefiles are special format files that help build and manage the projects automatically. A Simple Example Let's start off with the following three files, hellomake.c, hellofunc.c, and hellomake.h, which would represent a typical main program, some functional code in a separate file, and an include file, respectively. hellomake.c include int main() { // call a function in another file myPrintHelloMake(); return(0); } hellofunc.c #include   #include   void myPrintHelloMake(void) { printf("Hello makefiles!\n");  return;  } hellomake.h /* example include file */ void myPrintHelloMake(void); Normally, you would compile this collection of code by executing the following command: gcc -o hellomake hellomake.c hellofunc.c -I. This command