Directory | Description |
---|---|
/ | The root directory where the file system begins. In most cases the root directory only contains subdirectories. |
/boot | This is where the Linux kernel and boot loader files are kept. The kernel is a file called vmlinuz. |
/etc |
The /etc
directory contains the configuration files for the system. All of
the files in /etc should be text files.
Points of interest:
|
/bin, /usr/bin | These two directories contain most of the programs for the system. The /bin directory has the essential programs that the system requires to operate, while /usr/bin contains applications for the system's users. |
/sbin, /usr/sbin | The sbin directories contain programs for system administration, mostly for use by the superuser. |
/usr |
The /usr
directory contains a variety of things that support user
applications. Some highlights:
|
/usr/local | /usr/local and its subdirectories are
used for the installation of software and other files for use on
the local machine. What this really means is that software that is
not part of the official distribution (which usually goes in
/usr/bin) goes here. When you find interesting programs to install on your system, they should be installed in one of the /usr/local directories. Most often, the directory of choice is /usr/local/bin. |
/var |
The /var
directory contains files that change as the system is running.
This includes:
|
/lib | The shared libraries (similar to DLLs in that other operating system) are kept here. |
/home | /home is where users keep their personal work. In general, this is the only place users are allowed to write files. This keeps things nice and clean :-) |
/root | This is the superuser's home directory. |
/tmp | /tmp is a directory in which programs can write their temporary files. |
/dev |
The /dev directory is
a special directory, since it does not really contain files in the
usual sense. Rather, it contains devices that are available to the
system. In Linux (like Unix), devices are treated like files. You
can read and write devices as though they were files. For example
/dev/fd0 is the first floppy disk drive,
/dev/sda (/dev/hda
on older systems) is the first hard drive. All the devices that
the kernel understands are represented here.
|
/proc |
The /proc directory is
also special. This directory does not contain files. In fact, this
directory does not really exist at all. It is entirely virtual.
The /proc directory contains little peep
holes into the kernel itself. There are a group of numbered
entries in this directory that correspond to all the processes
running on the system. In addition, there are a number of named
entries that permit access to the current configuration of the
system. Many of these entries can be viewed. Try viewing
/proc/cpuinfo. This entry will tell you
what the kernel thinks of your CPU.
|
/media,/mnt |
Finally, we come to /media,
a normal directory which is used in a special way. The /media
directory is used for mount points.Different physical
storage devices (like hard disk drives) are attached to the file
system tree in various places. This process of attaching a device
to the tree is called mounting. For a device to be
available, it must first be mounted.
When your system boots, it reads a list of mounting instructions in the file /etc/fstab, which describes which device is mounted at which mount point in the directory tree. This takes care of the hard drives, but you may also have devices that are considered temporary, such as CD-ROMs, thumb drives, and floppy disks. Since these are removable, they do not stay mounted all the time. The /media directory is used by the automatic device mounting mechanisms found in modern desktop oriented Linux distributions. On systems that require manual mounting of removable devices, the /mnt directory provides a convenient place for mounting these temporary devices. You will often see the directories /mnt/floppy and /mnt/cdrom. To see what devices and mount points are used, type mount. |
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